Nursing behaviors relevant to pressure injury in the general hospitals of Changsha, China / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the status and the related factors of nursing behaviors for pressure injury, and to provide the evidence for standardizing pressure injury management.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 039 clinical nursing staff from 4 general hospitals in Changsha from December 1 to 30, 2017 were selected by a stratified random sampling procedure. Nurses' demographic information such as age, gender, title, educational attainment, and department were collected. We investigated the status of nursing behaviors on pressure injury by a self-designed questionnaire, assessed nurses' knowledge of pressure injury and nurses' attitude of pressure injury using the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test and Attitude towards Pressure Ulcer Prevention Instrument, respectively, compared the nursing behaviors on pressure injury with different backgrounds, used multiple linear regression to analyze the influential factors for nursing behaviors on pressure injury, and conducted the Pearson correlation analysis for nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behaviors on the pressure injury.@*RESULTS@#The overall nursing behaviors score on pressure injury was 155.96±17.29. The 5 dimensional scores from high to low were: risk assessment (4.42±0.49), prevention actions (4.40±0.50), risk understanding (4.35±0.52), injury assessment and interventions (4.27±0.55), and health education (4.25±0.63). A significant difference was found in the nursing behavior scores of pressure injury among ages, lengths of service, education, and training times (all ˂0.05). There was no correlation between nurses' knowledge and behaviors (=0.606). The nurses' attitude was positively correlated with their behaviors (=0.307, ˂0.001), and the nurses' knowledge was also positively correlated with their attitudes (=0.212, ˂0.001). The results of multiple linear regression showed that the length of service (≤5 years), training times (1-2 times), education (diploma or below), the scores of nurses' knowledge, and the scores of nurses' attitude were independent influencial factors of nurses' behaviors on pressure injury.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The nursing staff in the general hospital of Changsha has a high level of nursing behaviors on pressure injury, and they has good sense of responsibility and confidence. However, personal competence in pressure injury is insufficient and still needs to be improved. The nursing managers should focus on the nurses' attitude and training frequency, increasing the experience in nursing the pressure injury and practical level, and arouse the highly educated nurses' enthusiasm and sense of accomplishment to prevent pressure injury, thus reducing the incidence of pressure injury.

Investigation of medical social work in Chinese hospitals / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To understand the development of medical social work in China, and provide reference and basis for promoting medical social work in the next stage.
 Methods: A random sampling method was used to survey and analyze the data from questionnaires distributed to hospitals at or above the second level in China.
 Results: Medical social work had been carried out in all parts of the country, but the development was not balanced with the establishment of specialized agencies accounting for about 7.9% of the total survey. Only 17.5% of the hospitals carried out medical social work as a routine work. The medical social work service mainly included volunteer operation and management, patient psychological counseling, and so on.
 Conclusion: The development of medical social work in hospitals in China is still in its infancy, and the regional development is not balanced. Lack of professionals, unclear responsibilities of medical social workers and low social identity of medical social work are the main factors restricting development.

Evaluation of intervention program for risk behaviors of unintentional injury among school age children / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To develop an intervention protocol for children's unintentional injury risk behaviors, and to evaluate the feasibility of the protocol.
 Methods: By theoretically analyzing the influential factors for children's unintentional injury risk behaviors, children's cognitive development characteristics and the social learning theory, an intervention protocol was established on the basis of changing the unintentional injury attribution and negative information transmission of risk behavior consequences. A primary school in Changsha city was selected by random cluster sampling. A community-based randomized controlled trial was conducted on the selected students once a week for 5 consecutive weeks. The scores of unintentional injury risk behavior before intervention, 3 months and 6 months after intervention, and the frequency before intervention and 6 months after intervention, were collected and compared.
 Results: A total of 194 children were included in the study: 98 in the intervention group; 96 in the control group; 96 (49.5%) boys and 98 (50.5%) girls between 7 and 8 years old. The scores of unintentional injury risk behavior for children in the intervention group at 3 and 6 months after intervention were 14.42±5.67 and 14.14±8.95, respectively, lower than those before the intervention (16.85±8.48) and in the control group (P=0.001). The number of minor unintentional injuries in the intervention group decreased from 119 to 56, and the number of children suffering 2 or more injuries dropped from 34 to 10 (P<0.001) at 6 months after the intervention, while both of them were lower than that in the control group (P=0.011). Similar changes were observed in some slight or more serious unintentional injuries (P=0.030).
 Conclusion: The protocol for changing the attribution to unintentional injury and negative information transmission for risk behavior consequences was proved to effectively reduce children's unintentional injury risk behaviors and relevant events.

Protective role of high mobility group box-1 protein antibody in ConA-in-duced liver injury in mice / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To detect the protective role of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1 )antibody in concanavalin A(ConA)-induced liver injury in mice.Methods The healthy male Balb/c mice were grouped into con-trol group (saline injection),model group(ConA injection)and experimental group(ConA+HMGB1 antibody injec-tion).After 6 hours of injection,mice blood was collected for detecting alanine transaminase (ALT)and HMGB1 , liver tissue was used to do HE stain,Tunel,and immunofluorescence detection.Results Pathological inflammation in experimental group was slighter than model group.The levels of ALT and HMGB1 in mice serum were (52.00± 8.34)U/L and (7.54 ±0.53)ng/mL in control group,(5 551 .50 ±1 445.74)U/L and (18.06 ±1 .65 )ng/mL in model group,(1 977.40±654.89)U/L and (10.77±0.71)ng/mL in experimental group,respectively;the expres-sion levels of HMGB1 mRNA and HMGB1 (relative value)in liver tissue were 1 .886±0.253 and 0.086±0.028 in control group,4.718±0.341 and 0.268±0.043 in model group,3.005 ±0.331 and 0.116±0.008 in experimental group,respectively;the expression levels of ALT and HMGB1 in serum,as well as HMGB1 mRNA and HMGB1 in liver tissue of experimental group were all lower than model group(all P <0.001).Apoptosis and HMGB1 migra-tion in the liver cell (normalized)were 1 ±0 and 1 ±0 in control group,4.67 ±0.33 and 4.50 ±0.22 in model group,2.67±0.21 and 2.33 ±0.21 in experimental group,respectively;apoptosis and HMGB1 migration in liver tissue of experimental group were both lower than model group(both P <0.001).Conclusion HMGB1 antibody can improve the pathological injury of liver tissue,and protect mice liver against the injury induced by ConA.

Clinical significance of serum Slit2 protein in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To evaluate serum Slit2 protein level in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B,and the re-lation with extent of liver damage and prognosis of patients.Methods In February-July 2014,patients with chronic hepatitis B(chronic hepatitis group)and chronic severe hepatitis B(chronic severe hepatitis group)in an infectious department were observed,healthy volunteers were as control group,and patients in chronic severe hepatitis group were subdivided into recovery subgroup and non-recovery subgroup based on whether patients had recovered.Serum Slit2 protein,prothrombin activity (PTA),total bilirubin (TBIL),and alanine transaminase (ALT)levels were detected and compared.Results A total of 157 patients (chronic hepatitis group,n =93;chronic severe hepatitis group,n=64)and 10 healthy volunteers were included in the study .Slit2 protein levels were significantly different among three groups(F =5.596,P =0.004),serum Slit2 protein levels in chronic hepatitis group and chronic severe hepatitis group were (4.90±1 .07)ng/mL and (3.09±1 .00)ng/mL respectively,both were higher than (2.10± 0.60)ng/mL in healthy control group (both P <0.05);serum Slit2 protein level in chronic severe hepatitis group was significantly lower than chronic hepatitis group (P <0.05).Serum Slit2 protein level in non-recovery subgroup of chronic severe hepatitis group was significantly lower than recovery subgroup ([1 .88±0.67]ng/mL vs [2.96± 1 .32]ng/mL,t=2.319,P =0.032).Serum Slit2 protein level in patients with chronic hepatitis B was positively correlated with PTA level(r=0.33,P <0.05),but negatively correlated with serum TBIL level (r =-0.46,P <0.05)and ALT level (r=-0.32,P <0.05).Conclusion Serum Slit2 protein level is an important index which can re-flect the prognosis of patients with chronic severe hepatitis,low serum Slit2 level suggests the poor clinical prognosis.

Academic misconduct of graduates and the credit education / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Nowadays the phenomenon of academic misconduct (such as plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, etc.) is very frequent. The reasons for academic misconduct are involved in the problems in graduate education system, social environment and students themselves. Therefore, colleges and universities should place great emphasis on constructing a healthy school environment and academic atmosphere for failure tolerance with the help of high-tech modern means. It also needs to improve the academic supervision and evaluation system, strengthen the punishments for academic misconduct and enhance the mentor's exemplary role in education. The eventual goal for our education is to obtain innovative talents who are integrity, respect science and truth, and are good samples for academic performances.

Purification and identification of HMGB1 secreted by liver cells and immune cells / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To purify and identify HMGB1 secreted by liver cells HepG2 and immune cells U937.@*METHODS@#We cultured the liver cell lines HepG2 and immune cell lines U937, and stimulated them with HMGB1 (400 ng/mL) for 20 h. Then the supernatant was collected. Ultrafiltration centrifugation, CM-Sepharose cation, DEAE-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G75-gel filtration chromatography, and immunoprecipitation were used for purification. The molecular weight and identity of HMGB1 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.@*RESULTS@#A sharp stained protein band with a molecular weight of about 26 kD was obtained by SDS-PAGE analysis and shown to be HMGB1 confirmed by Western blot.@*CONCLUSION@#High purified HMGB1 can be separated from these two cell lines.

Paris saponin I induces G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Paris saponin I (PS I) on human gastric carcinoma cell growth and apoptosis and to explore the potential mechanisms. The proliferation of SGC7901 cells was monitored by the MTT cell viability assay, while the nuclear morphology of apoptotic cells was assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle progression of propidium iodide (PI)-stained SGC7901 cells and the apoptotic rate of annexin V/PI-stained cells. Western blotting was used to examine the expression of several cell cycle proteins, including cyclin B1 and Cdk1, and the apoptosis-regulated proteins Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, procaspase-9, and procaspase-3. The MTT assay demonstrated that PS I could induce significant dose- and time-dependent inhibition of SGC7901 cell proliferation. Marked morphological changes, including condensation of chromatin, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies were clearly shown on Hoechst 33258 staining. PSI treatment also resulted in the disruption of the cell cycle at G(2)/M and the induction of apoptosis. Following PSI treatment, the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin B1 and Cdk1 were down-regulated. Expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was increased, while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased. PSI treatment resulted in elevated cytoplasmic cytochrome c and activation of the apoptotic proteases caspase-9 and caspase-3. These data indicate that PS acts as an inhibitor of proli I feration in SGC7901 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. PSI is a potential therapeutic agent against human gastric carcinoma.

Effect of HMGB1 on human hepatoma cell line-HepG2 proliferation / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) on the proliferative activity of human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and its potential regulating mechanism.@*METHODS@#The cultured HepG2 cells were treated with recombinant HMGB1 (0, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL, respectively) for 24 h. Cell proliferation was observed by MTT analysis. Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 protein and mRNA, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, HMGB1 at 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL obviously increased HepG2 cells proliferation, cyclin D1 and PCNA protein and mRNA expression after the treatment for 24 h, respectively (P<0.05). Anti-HMGB1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and cyclin D1 and PCNA mRNA and protein expression of HMGB1 on HepG2 cells (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Proliferation of HMGB1 on HepG2 cells may be associated with increasing cyclin D1 and PCNA expression. Anti-HMGB1 may have a therapeutic effect on hepatocellular carcinoma.

Effect of CpG motif containing oligodeoxynucleotides on dendritic cell function in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of unmethylated CpG motif containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on the function of dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).@*METHODS@#DCs were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 15 CHB patients, 12 hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, and 10 healthy controls. The expressions of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 on DCs were determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The IL-12 level in supernatant of the culture medium was measured by ELISA, and the morphological changes of DCs were observed under transmission electron microscope.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the controls, DCs stimulated with CpG ODN represented enrichment in cell surface protrusions and rough endoplasmic reticulum, decreased or disappeared vacuole. The expressions of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD80 were much higher in DCs stimulated with CpG ODN than those in complete medium control (P<0.05). When culturing in complete medium, the expressions of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD80 were much lower in CHB patients and HBV carriers than healthy controls (P<0.05). The expressions of HLA-DR and CD86 stimulated with CpG ODN were much lower in CHB patients than HBV carriers and healthy controls (P<0.05). The expressions of CD80 were much lower in CHB patients and HBV carriers than healthy controls (P<0.05). The levels of IL-12 were much higher in DCs stimulated with CpG ODN than that in complete medium controls (P<0.05). The levels of IL-12 in complete medium or medium added with CpG ODN were much lower in CHB patients and HBV carriers than in healthy controls (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#CpG ODN could significantly promote the maturation of dendritic cells in peripheral blood in CHB patients.

Studies on relationship between resistance to vancomycin and changes of coagulase gene sequences of S.aureus / 临床检验杂志

Objective To induce vancomycin-resistantant S.aureus in vitro and to observe the changes of coagulase gene sequences of S.aureus and its relationship with vancomycin resistance.Methods DNA sequences of the coagulase were examined by polymerase chain reaction-sigle strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) method and were identified by sequencing.Results The altered DNA sequence of coagulase in 1 strain of S.aureus was found.Conclusion The variation of DNA sequences of coagulase gene is probably linked to vancomycin-resistance in S.aureus.

Studies on relationship between resistance to vancomycin and the coagulase activity of S.aureus / 临床检验杂志

Objective To observe the changes of coagulase activity and the DNA expression of coagulase of S.aureus during inducing vancomycin-resistant S.aureus in vitro.Methods Coagulase activity and DNA expression of coagulase of S.aureus were detected.Results The coagulase activity in 6 strains and the expression of coagulase DNA in 1 strain reduced.Conclusion Decreased coagulase activity and DNA expression are probably linked to vancomycin resistance of S.aureus.

Characteristic of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance and the prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and evaluate the clinical value of cefoxitin disk diffusion method and oxacillin disk diffusion for detection of meticillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA).METHODS Bacteria identification and susceptibility test were performed by VITEK-2 system and K-B disk method.The PBP2a was detected by latex agglutination and MRSA was identified by cefoxitin disk diffusion method and oxacillin disk diffusion.The inducible resistance of erythromycin to clindamycin was checked by D-test according to the standards of CLSI(NCCLS).The statistical analysis was performed by WHONET 5.4 and SPSS 13.0 software.RESULTS Resistant rate to penicillin and ampicillin was 98.9% and 100.0%,respectively.Vancomycin-resistant(VRE) or intermediate strains were not found.Of the 93 S.aureus isolates,MRSA and meticillin-sensitive S.aureus(MSSA) were 58(62.4%) and 35(37.6%),respectively.The resistant rate of MRSA to 11 antibiotics was higher than MSSA.The sensitivity and specificity of cefoxitin disk diffusion method were 98.3% and 97.1%,respectively,those of oxacillin disk diffusion were 75.9% and 94.3%.Of the 9 isolates resitant to erythromycin but susceptible to clindamycin,5(55.6%) showed inducible resistance to clindamycin.CONCLUSIONS Resistance of S.aureus is quite serious.Cefoxitin disc diffusion method is a simple and reliable method for the detection of MRSA.The inducible resistance of erythromycin to clindamycin in S aureus should be checked by D-test in clinical microbiology laboratory routinely.

The influence of HCV core protein on cell apoptosis,cell cycles and cell telomerase activities of HepG2 cells / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of HCV core protein on cell apoptosis, cell cycles and cell telomerase activities of HepG2 cells. Methods A eukaryotic expression plasmid containing HCV C gene was constructed by DNA recombinant technique and the recombinant plasmid was transfected into HepG2. Thereafter, HepG2 cells transfected with recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid were obtained. The HCV C mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid were verified by RT PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The HepG2 cells were studied as follows: (1) The cell proliferation ratio of three groups cells(HepG2 cells transfected with the recombinant plasmid, HepG2 cells transfected with blank plasmid and HepG2 cells without transfection) was evaluated by MTT assay; the cell cycles were also examined by FACS. (2) The apoptotic ratio of three groups cells were examined by FACS. (3) The cell telomerase activities of all three group cells were examined by TRAP ELISA assay. Results (1) The cell proliferation ratio in the group of HepG2 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid was higher than that of the group of HepG2 cells transfected with blank plasmid or the group of HepG2 cells without transfection; The proportion of phase S in the group of HepG2 transfected with the recombinant plasmid was significantly higher than that of the group of HepG2 without transfection. (2) The apoptotic ratio in the group of HepG2 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid was significantly lower than that of the group of HepG2 cells transfected with blank plasmid or the group of HepG2 cells without transfection. (3) There were no significant differences among the three group cell telomerase activities. Conclusions (1) HCV C protein had the potential role in inhibiting cell apoptosis. (2)HCV C protein could induce HepG2 cells from phase G 0/1 to phase S, and might promote cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis. (3) HCV C protein had no influence on cell telomerase activities of HepG2 cells, thus HCV C protein regulated cell cycle, promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis not by enhancing cell telomerase activities.

Preliminary Studies on Hepatic Tissue Proteome of HBV Relative Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis / 中国医师杂志

Objective This study was designed to analyze the proteome differences between cancer tissue and surrounding-cancer tissue using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE) in patients with HBV relative HCC.Methods Immobile phase pH gradients (IPGs) for isoelectric focusing of proteins were used as the first dimension,and SDS-polyacrglamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) as the second dimension. The gels were stained by silver, scanned by ImageScanner, analyzed with ImageMast software.Results Average spots expressed in cancer tissue,cirrhosis tissue and chronic hepatitis tissue were significantly different(P

Detection of circulation AFPmRNA and telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the role of detection of circulation alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) mRNA and telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods In patients with HCC,benign liver tumors,chronic liver diseases,and healthy volunteers,expression of circulation AFPmRNA and telomerase activity in PBMC were detected using nest reverse transcriptase-PCR(Nest RT-PCR) or PCR-ELISA respectively.Results(1) All the patients with benign liver tumors(n=10),chronic liver diseases(n=30),and healthy volunteers(n=30) had negative expression of circulation AFPmRNA,and the positive rate of circulation AFPmRNA in patients with HCC(73.3%,22/30)(all P

Telomerase Activity in Condyloma Acuminatum:Correlation with Decreased Apoptosis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To study the telomerase activity,the keratinocyte apoptosis in condyloma ac-cuminatum(CA)and the correlation between them.Methods CA specimens from30patients were stud-ied,and compared with normal tissue and tumor cell lines.Telomerase activity was detected with telomeric repeat amplification polymerase chain reaction(TRAP)-ELISA.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)-mediated biotin dUTP nick end-labeling(TUNEL)was used to evaluate apoptotic cells.Results Increased telomerase activity was detected in27(90%)patients with CA,with A 450 ranging between0.50and2.76(mean1.3022).Apoptotic keratinocytes were found in24out of30CA cases(80%).A statistically signifi-cant inverse correlation was found between telomerase activity and apoptotic index(r =-0.52,P=0.004).Conclusion Keratinocyte telomerase is activated in condyloma acuminata,which is correlated with the downregulation of apoptosis,thus they might be involved in the pathogenesis of CA.

Study on differential genes expression in HBV-related heptocellular carcinoma / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in hepatitis B virus (HBV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods mRNA was extracted from cancerous and paracancerous tissues of 22 patients with HBV related HCC and synthesized into cDNA. The cDNA labeled with 33p dATP was hybridized for cDNA microarray each consisting of 3170 genes or expressed sequence tags (EST). The differential expression genes were searched in gene data base and verified using RT PCR. Results The differential expression of 1369 genes or EST was identified including 121 genes or EST altered 2 times or more in cancerous tissues compared with paracancerous tissues. Compared with paracancerous tissues, 88 showed overexpression and 33 genes were down regulated. The positive expression of transmembrane 4 superfamily member 1 (TM4SF1) in cancerous tissues was 86.4 % and could not be detected in paracancerous tissues (P

Preliminary study on human immune cells activated by CpG-ODN / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To study immunological stimulation of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides(CpG-ODN) on human immune cells.Methods:CpG-ODN was co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) .The IFN-? and IFN-? in the supernatant were measured by ELISA;the reverse transcription PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of TLR9 mR NA in PBMC;MTT method was used to detect NK-mediated lytic activity of K562 cells.Results:CpG-ODN induced high amounts of IFN-? as well as IFN-? production;the lysis of K562 mediated by CpG-ODN 2216 stimulating NK cells was increased;the CpG-ODN could up-regulate the expression of TLR9 mRNA in PBMC. Conclusion: CpG-ODN 2216 can activate human immune reaction by increasing the production of IFN-? and IFN-?,the expression of TLR9 and NK cell lytic activity.

The role of FASL and TRAIL in the AICD of PBLs in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the role of FASL and TRAIL in the AICD (activation induced cell death) of PBLs in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Methods:The PBLs of 20 nonnal control,24 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 24 patients with chronic severe hepatitis B were isolated and cultured with or without phytohemagglutinin( 10 pig/ml) for 48 hours in vitro. After incubation,the cells were harvested by centrifugation and the expression of FASL.,TRAIL in PBLs was assayed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and im-munohistochemical staining (SABC Method) .Results-.The expression of FASL mRNANTRAIL mRNA was undetectable in the resting PBLs of three investigated groups, but it was obviously increased after PHA stimulation in vitro. In comparison with the group of normal controls, the expression of FASL mRNA,TRAIL mRNA in PBLs was significantly higher in the group of patients with chronic hepatitis B( P